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it's mid-december in San Francisco the

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holiday decorations and lights are out

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everywhere skaters zip around the ice

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rink set up in Union Square and as

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happens every year thousands of

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scientists descend on the city

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geophysicists specifically for the big

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annual meeting of the american

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geophysical union or AG you i'm steve

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cole with NASA geophysicist study

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everything in the solar system from the

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earth to the other planets and the Sun

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I'll be introducing you to a few of the

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scientists here at the meeting who are

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involved with NASA research my name is

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Galen McKinley I'm a professor of

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atmospheric and oceanic sciences at the

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University of wisconsin-madison in

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Madison Wisconsin the post time

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presenting today is focused on Lake

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Superior we've been working for several

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years on building a computer model to

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simulate the carbon cycle of Lake

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Superior that includes the physical

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circulation of the lake the biology of

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the lake that the phytoplankton and

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zooplankton level my research focuses on

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understanding how large aquatic bodies

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that is the oceans and also the Great

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Lakes take up carbon from the atmosphere

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carbon in the atmosphere is the major

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cause a co2 in particular of global

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warming warming the planet and right now

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the oceans as a whole take about twenty

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five percent of that which humans put in

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the atmosphere so we need to understand

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how the oceans take up that carbon how

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that that that uptake changes with time

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and space in order to improve our

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predictions of the future state of the

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carbon cycle and therefore the future

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state of the climate system

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so coming to a GU meetings is great

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because you get to see so many different

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kinds of signs that are being done in

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areas that I know very little about you

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get a chance to be exposed to those

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there are about 19,000 registrants for

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this meeting so two large degree it's

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drinking from a firehose mine as a new

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investigator work is a similar to the

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poster I'm presenting today on Lake

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Superior but there were focused on the

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North Atlantic so we're focused on

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understanding how the carbon sink in the

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North Atlantic and then eventually the

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globe how it is responding over the last

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30 years to changing atmospheric levels

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of carbon dioxide so I think that our

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research matters to everyone out there

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largely because we're trying to

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understand the global carbon cycle and

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that's something that humans are

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changing a lot every time we burn fossil

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fuels every time we make cement every

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time we cut down a tree we put more co2

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in the atmosphere and that's driving a

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warming climate and a lot of changes

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around the world that have been observed

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for example declining sea ice in the

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Arctic so if we're going to understand

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all those processes we need to

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understand the fundamental forcing of it

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so understanding the global carbon cycle

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and the role of large bodies of water

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like the Great Lakes or the global

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oceans in that carbon cycle is really

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critical for predicting what future

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climate is going to be like I started

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out in civil engineering as an

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undergraduate and got very interested in

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how we use computers to understand

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natural systems

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then when I worked for a while as an

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environmental engineer I realized that

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the people with the phd's in the lab

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really did the most of the thinking and

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they had the most interesting jobs

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because they were able to really be

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thinking about a process and not just

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for example filling out the reports and

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doing sort of the grunt work so that's

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what motivated me to go ahead and get a

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PhD and now as a professor and and

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continuing on that track for for more

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than a decade I really am so glad that

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I'm in this career because I can think

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every day my my work is to think my work

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is to go into work and learn something

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my work is to come to a meeting like